/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * bgwriter.c
 *
 * The background writer (bgwriter) is new as of Postgres 8.0.  It attempts
 * to keep regular backends from having to write out dirty shared buffers
 * (which they would only do when needing to free a shared buffer to read in
 * another page).  In the best scenario all writes from shared buffers will
 * be issued by the background writer process.  However, regular backends are
 * still empowered to issue writes if the bgwriter fails to maintain enough
 * clean shared buffers.
 *
 * As of Postgres 9.2 the bgwriter no longer handles checkpoints.
 *
 * The bgwriter is started by the postmaster as soon as the startup subprocess
 * finishes, or as soon as recovery begins if we are doing archive recovery.
 * It remains alive until the postmaster commands it to terminate.
 * Normal termination is by SIGTERM, which instructs the bgwriter to exit(0).
 * Emergency termination is by SIGQUIT; like any backend, the bgwriter will
 * simply abort and exit on SIGQUIT.
 *
 * If the bgwriter exits unexpectedly, the postmaster treats that the same
 * as a backend crash: shared memory may be corrupted, so remaining backends
 * should be killed by SIGQUIT and then a recovery cycle started.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2017, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *      src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "access/xlog.h"
#include "access/xlog_internal.h"
#include "libpq/pqsignal.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "postmaster/bgwriter.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/buf_internals.h"
#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
#include "storage/fd.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/lwlock.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "storage/shmem.h"
#include "storage/smgr.h"
#include "storage/spin.h"
#include "storage/standby.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/resowner.h"
#include "utils/timestamp.h"


/*
 * GUC parameters
 */
int            BgWriterDelay = 200;

/*
 * Multiplier to apply to BgWriterDelay when we decide to hibernate.
 * (Perhaps this needs to be configurable?)
 */
#define HIBERNATE_FACTOR            50

/*
 * Interval in which standby snapshots are logged into the WAL stream, in
 * milliseconds.
 */
#define LOG_SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL_MS 15000

/*
 * LSN and timestamp at which we last issued a LogStandbySnapshot(), to avoid
 * doing so too often or repeatedly if there has been no other write activity
 * in the system.
 */
static TimestampTz last_snapshot_ts;
static XLogRecPtr last_snapshot_lsn = InvalidXLogRecPtr;

/*
 * Flags set by interrupt handlers for later service in the main loop.
 */
static volatile sig_atomic_t got_SIGHUP = false;
static volatile sig_atomic_t shutdown_requested = false;

/* Signal handlers */

static void bg_quickdie(SIGNAL_ARGS);
static void BgSigHupHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS);
static void ReqShutdownHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS);
static void bgwriter_sigusr1_handler(SIGNAL_ARGS);


/*
 * Main entry point for bgwriter process
 *
 * This is invoked from AuxiliaryProcessMain, which has already created the
 * basic execution environment, but not enabled signals yet.
 */
void
BackgroundWriterMain(void)
{// #lizard forgives
    sigjmp_buf    local_sigjmp_buf;
    MemoryContext bgwriter_context;
    bool        prev_hibernate;
    WritebackContext wb_context;

    /*
     * Properly accept or ignore signals the postmaster might send us.
     *
     * bgwriter doesn't participate in ProcSignal signalling, but a SIGUSR1
     * handler is still needed for latch wakeups.
     */
    pqsignal(SIGHUP, BgSigHupHandler);    /* set flag to read config file */
    pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
    pqsignal(SIGTERM, ReqShutdownHandler);    /* shutdown */
    pqsignal(SIGQUIT, bg_quickdie); /* hard crash time */
    pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
    pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
    pqsignal(SIGUSR1, bgwriter_sigusr1_handler);
    pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);

    /*
     * Reset some signals that are accepted by postmaster but not here
     */
    pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
    pqsignal(SIGTTIN, SIG_DFL);
    pqsignal(SIGTTOU, SIG_DFL);
    pqsignal(SIGCONT, SIG_DFL);
    pqsignal(SIGWINCH, SIG_DFL);

    /* We allow SIGQUIT (quickdie) at all times */
    sigdelset(&BlockSig, SIGQUIT);

    /*
     * Create a resource owner to keep track of our resources (currently only
     * buffer pins).
     */
    CurrentResourceOwner = ResourceOwnerCreate(NULL, "Background Writer");

    /*
     * We just started, assume there has been either a shutdown or
     * end-of-recovery snapshot.
     */
    last_snapshot_ts = GetCurrentTimestamp();

    /*
     * Create a memory context that we will do all our work in.  We do this so
     * that we can reset the context during error recovery and thereby avoid
     * possible memory leaks.  Formerly this code just ran in
     * TopMemoryContext, but resetting that would be a really bad idea.
     */
    bgwriter_context = AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext,
                                             "Background Writer",
                                             ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(bgwriter_context);

    WritebackContextInit(&wb_context, &bgwriter_flush_after);

    /*
     * If an exception is encountered, processing resumes here.
     *
     * See notes in postgres.c about the design of this coding.
     */
    if (sigsetjmp(local_sigjmp_buf, 1) != 0)
    {
        /* Since not using PG_TRY, must reset error stack by hand */
        error_context_stack = NULL;

        /* Prevent interrupts while cleaning up */
        HOLD_INTERRUPTS();

        /* Report the error to the server log */
        EmitErrorReport();

        /*
         * These operations are really just a minimal subset of
         * AbortTransaction().  We don't have very many resources to worry
         * about in bgwriter, but we do have LWLocks, buffers, and temp files.
         */
        LWLockReleaseAll();
        ConditionVariableCancelSleep();
        AbortBufferIO();
        UnlockBuffers();
        /* buffer pins are released here: */
        ResourceOwnerRelease(CurrentResourceOwner,
                             RESOURCE_RELEASE_BEFORE_LOCKS,
                             false, true);
        /* we needn't bother with the other ResourceOwnerRelease phases */
        AtEOXact_Buffers(false);
        AtEOXact_SMgr();
        AtEOXact_Files();
        AtEOXact_HashTables(false);

        /*
         * Now return to normal top-level context and clear ErrorContext for
         * next time.
         */
        MemoryContextSwitchTo(bgwriter_context);
        FlushErrorState();

        /* Flush any leaked data in the top-level context */
        MemoryContextResetAndDeleteChildren(bgwriter_context);

        /* re-initialize to avoid repeated errors causing problems */
        WritebackContextInit(&wb_context, &bgwriter_flush_after);

        /* Now we can allow interrupts again */
        RESUME_INTERRUPTS();

        /*
         * Sleep at least 1 second after any error.  A write error is likely
         * to be repeated, and we don't want to be filling the error logs as
         * fast as we can.
         */
        pg_usleep(1000000L);

        /*
         * Close all open files after any error.  This is helpful on Windows,
         * where holding deleted files open causes various strange errors.
         * It's not clear we need it elsewhere, but shouldn't hurt.
         */
        smgrcloseall();

        /* Report wait end here, when there is no further possibility of wait */
        pgstat_report_wait_end();
    }

    /* We can now handle ereport(ERROR) */
    PG_exception_stack = &local_sigjmp_buf;

    /*
     * Unblock signals (they were blocked when the postmaster forked us)
     */
    PG_SETMASK(&UnBlockSig);

    /*
     * Reset hibernation state after any error.
     */
    prev_hibernate = false;

    /*
     * Loop forever
     */
    for (;;)
    {
        bool        can_hibernate;
        int            rc;

        /* Clear any already-pending wakeups */
        ResetLatch(MyLatch);

        if (got_SIGHUP)
        {
            got_SIGHUP = false;
            ProcessConfigFile(PGC_SIGHUP);
        }
        if (shutdown_requested)
        {
            /*
             * From here on, elog(ERROR) should end with exit(1), not send
             * control back to the sigsetjmp block above
             */
            ExitOnAnyError = true;
            /* Normal exit from the bgwriter is here */
            proc_exit(0);        /* done */
        }

        /*
         * Do one cycle of dirty-buffer writing.
         */
        can_hibernate = BgBufferSync(&wb_context);

        /*
         * Send off activity statistics to the stats collector
         */
        pgstat_send_bgwriter();

        if (FirstCallSinceLastCheckpoint())
        {
            /*
             * After any checkpoint, close all smgr files.  This is so we
             * won't hang onto smgr references to deleted files indefinitely.
             */
            smgrcloseall();
        }

        /*
         * Log a new xl_running_xacts every now and then so replication can
         * get into a consistent state faster (think of suboverflowed
         * snapshots) and clean up resources (locks, KnownXids*) more
         * frequently. The costs of this are relatively low, so doing it 4
         * times (LOG_SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL_MS) a minute seems fine.
         *
         * We assume the interval for writing xl_running_xacts is
         * significantly bigger than BgWriterDelay, so we don't complicate the
         * overall timeout handling but just assume we're going to get called
         * often enough even if hibernation mode is active. It's not that
         * important that log_snap_interval_ms is met strictly. To make sure
         * we're not waking the disk up unnecessarily on an idle system we
         * check whether there has been any WAL inserted since the last time
         * we've logged a running xacts.
         *
         * We do this logging in the bgwriter as it is the only process that
         * is run regularly and returns to its mainloop all the time. E.g.
         * Checkpointer, when active, is barely ever in its mainloop and thus
         * makes it hard to log regularly.
         */
        if (XLogStandbyInfoActive() && !RecoveryInProgress())
        {
            TimestampTz timeout = 0;
            TimestampTz now = GetCurrentTimestamp();

            timeout = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(last_snapshot_ts,
                                                  LOG_SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL_MS);

            /*
             * Only log if enough time has passed and interesting records have
             * been inserted since the last snapshot.  Have to compare with <=
             * instead of < because GetLastImportantRecPtr() points at the
             * start of a record, whereas last_snapshot_lsn points just past
             * the end of the record.
             */
            if (now >= timeout &&
                last_snapshot_lsn <= GetLastImportantRecPtr())
            {
                last_snapshot_lsn = LogStandbySnapshot();
                last_snapshot_ts = now;
            }
        }

        /*
         * Sleep until we are signaled or BgWriterDelay has elapsed.
         *
         * Note: the feedback control loop in BgBufferSync() expects that we
         * will call it every BgWriterDelay msec.  While it's not critical for
         * correctness that that be exact, the feedback loop might misbehave
         * if we stray too far from that.  Hence, avoid loading this process
         * down with latch events that are likely to happen frequently during
         * normal operation.
         */
        rc = WaitLatch(MyLatch,
                       WL_LATCH_SET | WL_TIMEOUT | WL_POSTMASTER_DEATH,
                       BgWriterDelay /* ms */ , WAIT_EVENT_BGWRITER_MAIN);

        /*
         * If no latch event and BgBufferSync says nothing's happening, extend
         * the sleep in "hibernation" mode, where we sleep for much longer
         * than bgwriter_delay says.  Fewer wakeups save electricity.  When a
         * backend starts using buffers again, it will wake us up by setting
         * our latch.  Because the extra sleep will persist only as long as no
         * buffer allocations happen, this should not distort the behavior of
         * BgBufferSync's control loop too badly; essentially, it will think
         * that the system-wide idle interval didn't exist.
         *
         * There is a race condition here, in that a backend might allocate a
         * buffer between the time BgBufferSync saw the alloc count as zero
         * and the time we call StrategyNotifyBgWriter.  While it's not
         * critical that we not hibernate anyway, we try to reduce the odds of
         * that by only hibernating when BgBufferSync says nothing's happening
         * for two consecutive cycles.  Also, we mitigate any possible
         * consequences of a missed wakeup by not hibernating forever.
         */
        if (rc == WL_TIMEOUT && can_hibernate && prev_hibernate)
        {
            /* Ask for notification at next buffer allocation */
            StrategyNotifyBgWriter(MyProc->pgprocno);
            /* Sleep ... */
            rc = WaitLatch(MyLatch,
                           WL_LATCH_SET | WL_TIMEOUT | WL_POSTMASTER_DEATH,
                           BgWriterDelay * HIBERNATE_FACTOR,
                           WAIT_EVENT_BGWRITER_HIBERNATE);
            /* Reset the notification request in case we timed out */
            StrategyNotifyBgWriter(-1);
        }

        /*
         * Emergency bailout if postmaster has died.  This is to avoid the
         * necessity for manual cleanup of all postmaster children.
         */
        if (rc & WL_POSTMASTER_DEATH)
            exit(1);

        prev_hibernate = can_hibernate;
    }
}


/* --------------------------------
 *        signal handler routines
 * --------------------------------
 */

/*
 * bg_quickdie() occurs when signalled SIGQUIT by the postmaster.
 *
 * Some backend has bought the farm,
 * so we need to stop what we're doing and exit.
 */
static void
bg_quickdie(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
    PG_SETMASK(&BlockSig);

    /*
     * We DO NOT want to run proc_exit() callbacks -- we're here because
     * shared memory may be corrupted, so we don't want to try to clean up our
     * transaction.  Just nail the windows shut and get out of town.  Now that
     * there's an atexit callback to prevent third-party code from breaking
     * things by calling exit() directly, we have to reset the callbacks
     * explicitly to make this work as intended.
     */
    on_exit_reset();

    /*
     * Note we do exit(2) not exit(0).  This is to force the postmaster into a
     * system reset cycle if some idiot DBA sends a manual SIGQUIT to a random
     * backend.  This is necessary precisely because we don't clean up our
     * shared memory state.  (The "dead man switch" mechanism in pmsignal.c
     * should ensure the postmaster sees this as a crash, too, but no harm in
     * being doubly sure.)
     */
    exit(2);
}

/* SIGHUP: set flag to re-read config file at next convenient time */
static void
BgSigHupHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
    int            save_errno = errno;

    got_SIGHUP = true;
    SetLatch(MyLatch);

    errno = save_errno;
}

/* SIGTERM: set flag to shutdown and exit */
static void
ReqShutdownHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
    int            save_errno = errno;

    shutdown_requested = true;
    SetLatch(MyLatch);

    errno = save_errno;
}

/* SIGUSR1: used for latch wakeups */
static void
bgwriter_sigusr1_handler(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
    int            save_errno = errno;

    latch_sigusr1_handler();

    errno = save_errno;
}
